August 31, 2022
Since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in March 2020, the march of crises across the front pages of the world’s newspapers has been relentless. Myanmar. Afghanistan. Ukraine. Omicron. Monkeypox. Drought. Recession. We have reached the point where crisis seems to be an endemic state of affairs. Is this the result of an increase in communication via digital tools, or are the risks we are facing today of a different nature than before?
The feeling that we are living in a different world may not be unfounded as the latest report from the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction lays out. The report recounts the recent increase in the rate of catastrophic events in order to highlight how risks are becoming more structural and systemic. Regional conflicts like the war in Ukraine and tensions over Taiwan have broad repercussions on global food and energy prices, endanger entire ecologies, and jeopardize global supply chains. Other threats are ever more present, putting increasing pressures on health systems: valley fever is a fungus endangering wildland firefighters in California when they don't wear appropriate respiratory protection; polio has made a grim return to the US, threatening a planned global eradication; substance addiction continues to be a problem after hundreds of thousands of lives were lost to opioids in recent years, just to name a few. Global warming looms large above all these conflicts and diseases, aggravating them, and creating new inequities. Increased risk of flooding (all but certain flooding in this case), historic droughts and their wildfire counterparts will make access to water more difficult, increasing further existing rivalries.
While the scale and breadth of risks facing the world may be at new levels, the importance of understanding and managing risk is not a new thing. Statisticians have been working on formalizing a measure of risk for a long time, going back as least as far as Laplace. By definition, the risk function (also called the loss or cost function) is the difference in outcomes between the best decision that could have been made (if all circumstances had been perfectly known) and the decision that was in fact taken. In its simplest form, it combines the probability of occurrence of a hazardous event (external factor) and the vulnerability and exposure of the system (internal factor). This formalism helps explain the assertion of the UN report that risk creation is outstripping risk reduction. Indeed both external and internal factors are growing in tandem in ways sometimes hidden until they are dramatically revealed. External factors of the equation are, for example, all the catastrophic events rendered more likely by global warming. Internal factors can refer to the elements that make our system more fragile and less resilient such as interdependences of our supply chains or our globalized financial system.
The report offers guidance on how societies might rethink organizational principles to reduce systemic risk and increase resilience. The strategy revolves around three main actions:
1. Measure accurately the risk by reworking financial systems to account for the real cost of risk and adapt fiscal planning accordingly.
2. To better factor in human biases when it comes to assessing and preventing risk. This can be achieved by using new processes and tools (fascinating research on this topic is covered in a recent Science publication).
3. Rethink governance systems to account for and tackle more effectively new multi-scale and interdisciplinary risk profiles.
These broad ideas, crafted to tackle risks linked to catastrophic events caused by global warming, could be a template for organizations large and small engaged in vastly different activities but all facing new sets of risks. As people come away from this summer more acutely aware of the changing world we inhabit, the time for adjusting course might be now.
– Jonathan Friedlander, PhD & Geoffrey W. Smith
First Five
First Five is our curated list of essential media for the month which spans a range of content including scientific papers, books, podcasts, and videos. For our full list of interesting media in health, science, and technology, updated regularly, follow us on Twitter or Instagram.
1/ It could get worse
We should expect more, and worse, pandemics writes Matthew Yglesias.
2/ You are what you eat
It has long been held that you are what you eat. Researchers matching blood and stool samples to a reference database of foods have now shown exactly how much of our body chemistry can be traced to what we consume. Nature Biotech >
3/ Regeneration
Researchers have been working on getting mammals to regenerate damaged body parts for centuries. The natural ability of humans to regenerate is limited to tissues such as the outermost layer of skin, and some organs such as the liver. Other species, most notably salamanders, have the ability to regenerate complex structures such as bones, joints, and even entire limbs. Recent work points to a growing belief that the single biggest factor for limb regeneration is the presence of nerves. Developmental Biology >
4/ Be nice to your grandparents
The typical understanding of evolution is that the force of natural selection in humans must decline to zero once reproduction is complete. New research from UC Santa Barbara now argues that intergenerational transfers, or resource sharing between old and young has played a fundamental role in the force of selection at different ages. PNAS >
5/ Rock & roll
Have you ever wondered why there’s music in the dentist’s office? 50 years ago people noticed that music seemed to dull pain during dental operations. Scientists now know music and other sounds can ease pain after medical procedures, but how it works has been murky. A recent paper focuses in on certain brain pathways — audio-somatosensory corticothalamic circuits in mice — through which sound can relieve pain. In their experiments, the scientists found that sounds with a low signal-to-noise ratio — think high intensity — worked the best to reduce pain mice felt from their inflamed paws. Stress didn’t make a difference, nor did musical harmony, the scientists report. They duly note “the neural mechanisms underlying music-induced analgesia in humans are doubtlessly more complicated than those revealed in mice.” Still, they hope their findings might lead to alternative ways to treat pain. Science >
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The New Yorker recently published a fascinating essay on how land that was collectively worked by the landless (the commons) was claimed by the landed, and how the age of private property was thus born.
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